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Additives play quite an important role in the field of polymers either in their processing or while they are in use. The two most important additives used in PVC are stabilizers and lubricants, besides plasticizers. However in rigid PVC, stabilizers and lubricants play a vital role. In this brochure, we will be explaining the importance of lubricants, especially in rigid PVC.
A lubricant may be defined for most purposes as a substance that reduces the friction, heat and wear between two surfaces. These surfaces might be between polymer molecules and of the equipment or between polymer molecules themselves. Lubricants must facilitate processing of plastics in such a way that production runs economically without interruption, leading to final articles which are technically and aesthetically acceptable
There are two major types of lubricants used for PVC
  • 1. Internal Lubricant
  • 2. External Lubricant
Internal lubricants reduce the intermolecular friction before and during melt formation of the polymer. They also perform the following important functions :
  • 1. Reduce frictional heat build-up under shear.
  • 2. Promote gelation.
  • 3. Lower melt viscosity.
  • 4. Improve flow properties to promote easier and the faster flow through the equipment.
External lubricants reduce the friction and sticking between hot melt PVC and working surfaces of machinery due to the presence of a layer at the interphase. Hence, easier movement of stocks through the machinery is achieved and prevention of adhesion to the hot melt that would quickly result in local formation of stagnant layers, their overheating and degradation (burn up) ? as degraded material contaminates the stock and promotes further degradation.
The Mechanism Of Lubricant Action
When the lubricant is blended with polymer, the lubricant coats the surface of polymer particles. Thus, powder is lubricated and flows easily in the cold parts of the processing equipment. With increase in temperature, polymer begins to soften and the lubricant melts and penetrates the polymer At which point in the barrel this occurs, is determinant for the flow properties. Therefore, melting point and melt viscosity of the lubricant have an influence of its effect.
The rate of penetration of the lubricant into the polymer is governed by its solubility, which depends upon the structure of the lubricant molecule, as well as its polarity in relation to the polymer.
The mechanism of a lubricant can be discussed in terms of two general classes of lubricants based on function. These are external lubricants and internal lubricants. They are very broad classifications and no one material functions entirely as an internal and external lubricant, but usually exhibits a combination of the properties of the two with one being predominant.
Internal Lubricants
These materials promote intermolecular flow via a chain slippage mechanism. Such materials are characterized by being somewhat polar and semi-compatible. A plasticizer causes embrittlement at very low concentrations, but internal lubricants are not polar enough to change flexibility or hardness at room temperature. The polar nature of these materials allows them to be accepted into the polymer matrix at high temperatures. The Vander Waal 's forces between chains are reduced by the polar lubricants, which slips in between the polymer chains. This allows the chains a greater ease of movement because it decreases attraction between molecules. As rigid PVC cools, internal lubricant precipitates and becomes non-functional at room temperature. The clarity is only slightly reduced because the lubricant is very finely divided in the polymer matrix. On the other hand, external lubricants adversely effect the clarity because of incompatibility and organise themselves into large droplets. These pseudoplasticizers can adversely effect the heat distortion of temperature by lowering the glass transition temperature of the polymer, if used in excess.
In real terms, internal lubricants reduce internal friction, which reduces shear burn in injection moulding applications, back pressure in extrusion and roll- parting forces in calendering. They give better gauge control in film, sheets and pipes, shorten cycles and promote better mould filling. Internal lubricants at typical concentrations have minimal adverse effects on fusion time, nor do they contribute significantly to metal release. If the concentration of the internal lubricant exceeds its solubility constant in the polymer, the internal lubricant will act as an external lubricant.
External Lubricants
External lubricants are responsible for two phenomena : metal release and particulate flow in the melt. External lubricants have low compatibility with the polymer and have a high affinity for metal surfaces. During the processing, they form a film at the interface between the polymer melt and the metal as they exude forming a reduced friction surface over which the polymer slides. External lubricants have lower compatibility with the polymer and hence they provide better metal-release or anti-sticking properties.
Lubricants in PVC are used in meagre quantities but contribute to great changes in the processing behaviour, process economics and product quality, resulting from the right choice and proportion of lubricant components. Hence, we call it A TECHNICAL PINCH OF SALT.
OLEOFINE ORGANICS OFFERS
a wide range of FINALUX & FINAWAX lubricants to suit each different application in PVC processing
Finalux Lubricants
FOR Processing 
FinaLux Range General Description Physical Form Melting Point Lubricating Effect Use Level Influence On Transparency
Liquid
Solid
Internal
External
Rigid PVC
Soft PVC
Glass Clear
Cloudy
Opaque
G 1 Oleochemical Derivative 84 0.2 - 1.5
G 3 Oleochemical Derivative 0.5 - 1.0 0.5 - 3.0
G 4 Oleochemical Derivative 0.5 - 2.0
G 5 Oleochemical Derivative 0.5 - 2.0
G 101 Oleochemical Derivative 1.0 - 1.5 0.5 - 1.0
G 111 Oleochemical Derivative 1.0 - 1.5
G 121 Oleochemical Derivative 60 0.5 - 1.5
G 129 Oleochemical Derivative 70 0.5 - 2.0
G 131 Oleochemical Derivative 0.5 - 1.5
G 161 Oleochemical Derivative 0.5 - 1.5 0.5 - 1.0  
G 190 Oleochemical Derivative 0.5 - 3.0
G 200 Oleochemical Derivative 0.2 - 0.5 0.2 - 0.5
G 202 Oleochemical Derivative 1.0 - 3.0
G 207 Oleochemical Derivative 1.0 - 3.0
G 211 Oleochemical Derivative 73 0.1 - 0.5 0.1 - 0.5
G 221 Synthetic wax 95 * 0.2 - 0.5 0.2 - 0.5
G 231 Synthetic wax 105 * 0.2 - 0.5 0.2 - 0.5
Finalux Lubricants
FOR PVC Processing 
FINALUX Range General Description Physical  Form Melting Point Lubricating Effect Use Level Influence Transparency
Liquid Solid Internal External Rigid PVC Soft PVC Glass Clear On Cloudy Opaque
G 301 Ester Wax Derivative

 55 0.5 - 1.5
G 321 Ester Wax Derivative 60 0.5 - 1.5
G 401 Ester Wax Derivative 0.5 - 1.5 0.5 - 1.5
G 411 Ester Wax Derivative 70 0.5 - 1.0
G 531 Oleochemical Derivative 55 1.0 - 2.0
G 601 Oleochemical Derivative 53 0.5 - 0.3
G 701 High Molecular Complex Derivative 53 0.3 - 0.8
G 711 High Molecular Complex Derivative 0.3 - 1.0 0.3 - 1.0
G 712 High Molecular Complex Derivative 0.5 - 1.0 0.5 - 1.0
G 722 High Molecular Complex Derivative 50 0.3 - 1.0
G 728 High Molecular Complex Derivative 54 0.5 - 1.0
G 731 High Molecular Complex Derivative 0.5 - 1.5 0.5 - 1.0
G 732 High Molecular Complex Derivative 0.5 - 1.5 0.5 - 1.5
G 741 High Molecular Complex Derivative 55 0.3 - 0.8
G 748 High Molecular Complex Derivative 63 0.5 - 1.0
G 781 High Molecular Complex Derivative 100 * 0.3 - 1.0
GH 41 Oleochemical Derivative 79
GT 25 Composite Single Lubricant System 98 * 1.0 - 2.0
GCC 10 Composite Single Lubricant System 92 * 1.0 - 2.0
WS 1 Composite Single Lubricant System 100 * 0.8 - 1.5
CB 50 Composite Single Lubricant System 105 * 0.8 - 1.2
CL 1 Composite Single Lubricant System 1.5 - 2.0 1.0 - 1.5
CL 2 Composite Single Lubricant System 1.5 - 2.0 1.0 - 1.5
CL 3 Composite Single Lubricant System 1.5 - 2.0
CL 4 Composite Single Lubricant System 1.0 - 1.5 1.0 - 2.0
CL 5 Composite Single Lubricant System 1.0 - 2.0 1.0 - 2.0
Non Warranty: contents of this page and the information herein is based on our present state of knowledge and is intended to provide general notes on our products and their use. It should not therefor be construed as guaranteeing specific properties of the products described or their suitability for a particular application. User should make their own test and experiments before using this products or to determine the applicability of such information or the suitability for their particular purpose. Oleofine Organics and its associate companies cannot assume any liability expressed or implied in the presentation of this data.